Voeux's paper, in the Santa Cruz & Monterey Illustrated Handbook published in 1880 and also appears in print in a column quoting from the book in the 3 July 1880, Santa Cruz Weekly Sentinel.
However, the term appeared twenty-five years earlier than Dr. Des Voeux did a public service in coining a new word for the London fog." The 26 July 1905 edition of the London newspaper Daily Graphic quoted Des Voeux, "He said it required no science to see that there was something produced in great cities which was not found in the country, and that was smoky fog, or what was known as 'smog'." : 1 The following day the newspaper stated that "Dr. Henry Antoine Des Voeux in his 1905 paper, "Fog and Smoke" for a meeting of the Public Health Congress. The developing smog is usually toxic to humans and can cause severe sickness, a shortened life span, or premature death.Ĭoinage of the term "smog" has been attributed to Dr. The atmospheric pollution levels of Los Angeles, Beijing, Delhi, Lahore, Mexico City, Tehran and other cities are often increased by an inversion that traps pollution close to the ground. In certain other cities, such as Delhi, smog severity is often aggravated by stubble burning in neighboring agricultural areas since 2002. These pollutants react in the atmosphere with sunlight to form secondary pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to form photochemical smog. Photochemical smog, as found for example in Los Angeles, is a type of air pollution derived from vehicular emission from internal combustion engines and industrial fumes. Secondary pollutants, such as ozone, are formed when primary pollutants undergo chemical reactions in the atmosphere. Primary pollutants are emitted directly from a source, such as emissions of sulfur dioxide from coal combustion. Smog formation in general relies on both primary and secondary pollutants. These combustion emissions, together with the lack of pollutant dispersion under inversions, characterize winter smog formation. During the winter months when the temperatures are colder, and atmospheric inversions are common, there is an increase in coal and other fossil fuel usage to heat homes and buildings. During the summer season when the temperatures are warmer and there is more sunlight present, photochemical smog is the dominant type of smog formation. Summer smog is primarily associated with the photochemical formation of ozone. Smog is often categorized as being either summer smog or winter smog.
Man-made smog is derived from coal combustion emissions, vehicular emissions, industrial emissions, forest and agricultural fires and photochemical reactions of these emissions. This kind of visible air pollution is composed of nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxide, ozone, smoke and other particulates. The word was then intended to refer to what was sometimes known as pea soup fog, a familiar and serious problem in London from the 19th century to the mid-20th century. The word "smog" was coined in the early 20th century, and is a portmanteau of the words smoke and fog to refer to smoky fog due to its opacity, and odor. Smog, or smoke fog, is a type of intense air pollution. "Fighting Smog in Los Angeles", Distillations Podcast, 2018 Science History Institute
0 kommentar(er)
